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CECIL

TEXT BOOK of MEDICINE

Section II Principles of Evaluation and Management

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8 STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF DATA
	ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS
	SAMPLING: SELECTING SUBJECTS FOR A STUDY
		Target Population
		Sampling
	DESCRIBING THE SAMPLE
		Types of Variables
		Univariate Statistics for Continuous Variables: The “Normal” Distribution
		Univariate Statistics for Categorical Variables: Proportions, Rates, and Ratios
		Bivariate Statistics
		Multivariable Statistics
	INFERRING POPULATION VALUES FROM A SAMPLE
		Inferences from Sample Means: Standard Deviation versus Standard Error
		Confidence Intervals
		Significance Testing and P Values
		Meta-analysis
	INFERRING CAUSALITY
		Confounding
	OTHER COMMON STATISTICAL PITFALLS
		Missing Data
		Clustered or Hierarchical Data
		Multiple Testing

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